init uv, evaluation pipeline

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jannessm: research how a weighing scale is best evaluated in terms of precision and resolution
GitHub Copilot: I'll research how weighing scales are best evaluated in terms of precision and resolution. Let me search for relevant information about scale evaluation criteria.
Using "Fetch Web Page"
Fetched 3 resources
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighing_scale
https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures
https://www.sartorius.com/en/knowledge/weighing-fundamentals
```
Let me search for more specific information about precision, resolution, and accuracy in weighing scales.
Using "Fetch Web Page"
Fetched 3 resources
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https://www.iso.org/standard/40645.html
https://www.astm.org/standards/e2847
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision
```
Let me search for more specific information about weighing scale evaluation criteria and standards.
Using "Fetch Web Page"
Fetched 3 resources
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https://www.oiml.org/en/publications/technical-reports
https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/handbook-44
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIML
```
Let me search for more specific information about weighing scale precision and resolution standards.
Using "Fetch Web Page"
Fetched 3 resources
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https://www.mettler.com/en/home/products/Laboratory_Weighing_Solutions/Laboratory_Balances/Accuracy_and_precision
https://www.sartorius.com/en/knowledge/weighing-fundamentals/readability-precision-weighing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_%28weight%29
```
Now let me search for academic and technical information about scale evaluation criteria.
Using "Fetch Web Page"
Fetched 3 resources
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https://www.nature.com/articles
https://scholar.google.com/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles
```
Based on my research, I can provide you with comprehensive information about how weighing scales are best evaluated in terms of precision and resolution. Here's what I found:
## Key Evaluation Criteria for Weighing Scales
### **1. Precision vs. Accuracy vs. Resolution**
**Precision** refers to the repeatability and consistency of measurements - how close repeated measurements are to each other under unchanged conditions.
**Accuracy** refers to how close measurements are to the true or reference value.
**Resolution (Readability)** is the smallest scale division or increment that the scale can display - essentially the finest measurement the scale can show.
### **2. Primary Evaluation Parameters**
#### **A. Metrological Characteristics**
- **Scale Division (d)**: The smallest graduation interval on the scale
- **Verification Scale Division (e)**: Used for testing and verification purposes
- **Maximum Capacity (Max)**: The highest weight the scale can measure
- **Minimum Capacity (Min)**: The lowest weight that can be accurately measured
- **Accuracy Classes**: Defined by international standards (e.g., OIML classes I, II, III, IV)
#### **B. Performance Tests**
- **Repeatability**: Multiple measurements of the same load should yield consistent results
- **Reproducibility**: Measurements should be consistent across different operators, instruments, and time periods
- **Linearity**: The scale should respond proportionally across its entire measurement range
- **Hysteresis**: The scale should give the same reading whether approaching a weight from above or below
### **3. International Standards and Classifications**
#### **OIML (International Organization of Legal Metrology) Standards**
- **OIML R76**: Defines requirements for non-automatic weighing instruments
- **Accuracy Classes**:
- **Class I**: Special accuracy (laboratory balances) - up to 50,000 verification scale intervals
- **Class II**: High accuracy (precision commercial scales) - up to 5,000-100,000 intervals
- **Class III**: Medium accuracy (commercial scales) - up to 3,000-10,000 intervals
- **Class IV**: Ordinary accuracy (general purpose scales) - up to 1,000-10,000 intervals
#### **ISO Standards**
- **ISO 5725**: Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods
- Defines trueness as closeness to the true value and precision as repeatability
### **4. Technical Evaluation Methods**
#### **A. Calibration and Testing**
- **Reference Standards**: Use certified reference masses traceable to national standards
- **Environmental Control**: Test under controlled temperature, humidity, and vibration conditions
- **Load Testing**: Test with various loads across the scale's range
- **Corner Loading**: Test load placement at different positions on the weighing platform
#### **B. Uncertainty Analysis**
- **Measurement Uncertainty**: Calculate and report the uncertainty of measurements
- **Error Sources**: Account for environmental factors, drift, non-linearity, and repeatability
- **Confidence Intervals**: Typically express uncertainty at 95% confidence level
### **5. Practical Evaluation Considerations**
#### **A. Application-Specific Requirements**
- **Laboratory Balances**: Require highest precision (Class I) with resolutions to 0.1 mg or better
- **Commercial Scales**: Medium precision (Class III) suitable for trade applications
- **Industrial Scales**: May prioritize capacity and durability over ultimate precision
#### **B. Environmental Factors**
- **Temperature Stability**: Scales should maintain accuracy across operating temperature range
- **Vibration Sensitivity**: Minimize effects of mechanical disturbances
- **Air Currents**: Use draft shields for high-precision measurements
- **Electromagnetic Interference**: Ensure immunity to electrical noise
### **6. Best Practices for Scale Evaluation**
#### **A. Testing Protocol**
1. **Initial Calibration**: Using certified reference weights
2. **Repeatability Testing**: Multiple measurements with same load
3. **Accuracy Verification**: Compare readings to known reference values
4. **Range Testing**: Test across minimum, intermediate, and maximum capacities
5. **Environmental Testing**: Evaluate performance under various conditions
#### **B. Documentation Requirements**
- **Calibration Certificates**: Traceable to national/international standards
- **Uncertainty Budgets**: Detailed analysis of all error sources
- **Test Reports**: Complete documentation of all performance tests
- **Maintenance Records**: Regular calibration and maintenance history
### **7. Regulatory Compliance**
For commercial or legal metrology applications, scales must meet specific regulatory requirements:
- **Type Approval**: Scales must be certified for their intended use
- **Periodic Verification**: Regular testing by authorized personnel
- **Marking and Labeling**: Proper identification of accuracy class and maximum capacity
- **Legal for Trade**: Certification for commercial transactions
The evaluation of weighing scales ultimately depends on balancing precision, resolution, and accuracy requirements with the intended application, regulatory requirements, and economic considerations. The most precise scale isn't always the best choice - it must be appropriate for its intended use while meeting all relevant standards and regulations.